Shading minimizes the effects of water deficit in Campomanesia xanthocarpa (Mart.) O. Berg seedlings / Sombreamento minimiza o efeito do déficit hídrico em mudas de Campomanesia xanthocarpa (Mart.) O. Berg

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the activity of antioxidant enzymes, the functioning of the photosystem II and quality of C. xanthocarpa seedlings cultivated under intermittent water deficit and shading levels and the influence of shading on recovery potential after suspension of the stress conditions. The seedlings were subjected to three levels of shading (0, 30, and 70%), six periods of evaluation (start: 0 days; 1st and 2nd photosynthesis zero: 1st and 2nd P0; 1st and 2nd recovery: 1stand 2nd REC; and END), and two forms of irrigation (control: periodically irrigated to maintain 70% substrate water retention capacity, and intermittent irrigation: suspension of irrigation). The plants subjected to intermittent irrigation conditions at 0% shading showed a reduction in water potential (Ψw) and potential quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and maximum efficiency of the photochemical process (Fv/F0) and an increase in basal quantum production of the non-photochemical processes (F0/Fm). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was higher in the leaves than in the roots. The C. xanthocarpa is a species sensitive to water deficit but presents strategies to adapt to an environment under temporary water restriction, which are more temporary are most efficient under shading. The seedlings with water deficit at all levels of shading exhibited higher protective antioxidant activity and lower quality at 0% shading. The shading minimizes prevents permanent damage to the photosystem II and after the re-irrigation, the evaluated characteristics showed recovery with respect to the control group, except POD and SOD activities in the leaves.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade de enzimas antioxidantes, o funcionamento do fotossistema II e a qualidade de mudas de C. xanthocarpa cultivadas sob déficit hídrico intermitente e níveis de sombreamento e a influência do sombreamento sobre o potencial de recuperação após suspensão das condições de estresse. As mudas foram submetidas a três níveis de sombreamento (0, 30 e 70%), seis períodos de avaliação (início: 0 dias; 1ª e 2ª fotossíntese zero: 1ª e 2ª P0; 1ª e 2ª recuperação: 1ª e 2ª REC; e final), e duas formas de irrigação (controle: periodicamente irrigado para manter 70% da capacidade de retenção de água do substrato, e irrigação intermitente: suspensão da irrigação). As plantas submetidas às condições de irrigação intermitente a 0% de sombreamento apresentaram redução do potencial hídrico (Ψw) e eficiência quântica potencial do fotossistema II (Fv/Fm) e máxima eficiência do processo fotoquímico (Fv/F0) e aumento da produção quantica basal dos processos não fotoquímicos (F0/Fm). A atividade da superóxido dismutase (SOD) foi maior nas folhas do que nas raízes. C. xanthocarpa é uma espécie sensível ao déficit hídrico, mas apresenta estratégias para se adaptar a um ambiente com restrição hídrica temporária, sendo mais eficientes sob sombreamento. As mudas com déficit hídrico em todos os níveis de sombreamento exibiram maior atividade antioxidante protetora e menor qualidade no sombreamento 0%. O sombreamento minimiza danos permanentes ao fotossistema II e após a re-irrigação, as características avaliadas apresentaram recuperação em relação ao grupo controle, exceto atividades de POD e SOD nas folhas.

Shading minimizes the effects of water deficit in Campomanesia xanthocarpa (Mart) O Berg seedlings / Sombreamento minimiza o efeito do déficit hídrico em mudas de Campomanesia xanthocarpa (Mart) O Berg

The objective of this study was to evaluate the activity of antioxidant enzymes, the functioning of the photosystem II and quality of C. xanthocarpa seedlings cultivated under intermittent water deficit and shading levels and the influence of shading on recovery potential after suspension of the stress conditions. The seedlings were subjected to three levels of shading (0, 30, and 70%), six periods of evaluation (start: 0 days; 1st and 2nd photosynthesis zero: 1st and 2nd P0; 1st and 2nd recovery: 1stand 2nd REC; and END), and two forms of irrigation (control: periodically irrigated to maintain 70% substrate water retention capacity, and intermittent irrigation: suspension of irrigation). The plants subjected to intermittent irrigation conditions at 0% shading showed a reduction in water potential (Ψw) and potential quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and maximum efficiency of the photochemical process (Fv/F0) and an increase in basal quantum production of the non-photochemical processes (F0/Fm). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was higher in the leaves than in the roots. The C. xanthocarpa is a species sensitive to water deficit but presents strategies to adapt to an environment under temporary water restriction, which are more temporary are most efficient under shading. The seedlings with water deficit at all levels of shading exhibited higher protective antioxidant activity and lower quality at 0% shading. The shading minimizes prevents permanent damage to the photosystem II and after the re-irrigation, the evaluated characteristics showed recovery with respect to the control group, except POD and SOD activities in the leaves.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade de enzimas antioxidantes, o funcionamento do fotossistema II e a qualidade de mudas de C. xanthocarpa cultivadas sob déficit hídrico intermitente e níveis de sombreamento e a influência do sombreamento sobre o potencial de recuperação após suspensão das condições de estresse. As mudas foram submetidas a três níveis de sombreamento (0, 30 e 70%), seis períodos de avaliação (início: 0 dias; 1ª e 2ª fotossíntese zero: 1ª e 2ª P0; 1ª e 2ª recuperação: 1ª e 2ª REC; e final), e duas formas de irrigação (controle: periodicamente irrigado para manter 70% da capacidade de retenção de água do substrato, e irrigação intermitente: suspensão da irrigação). As plantas submetidas às condições de irrigação intermitente a 0% de sombreamento apresentaram redução do potencial hídrico (Ψw) e eficiência quântica potencial do fotossistema II (Fv/Fm) e máxima eficiência do processo fotoquímico (Fv/F0) e aumento da produção quantica basal dos processos não fotoquímicos (F0/Fm). A atividade da superóxido dismutase (SOD) foi maior nas folhas do que nas raízes. C. xanthocarpa é uma espécie sensível ao déficit hídrico, mas apresenta estratégias para se adaptar a um ambiente com restrição hídrica temporária, sendo mais eficientes sob sombreamento. As mudas com déficit hídrico em todos os níveis de sombreamento exibiram maior atividade antioxidante protetora e menor qualidade no sombreamento 0%. O sombreamento minimiza danos permanentes ao fotossistema II e após a re-irrigação, as características avaliadas apresentaram recuperação em relação ao grupo controle, exceto atividades de POD e SOD nas folhas.

Shading minimizes the effects of water deficit in Campomanesia xanthocarpa (Mart.) O. Berg seedlings

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the activity of antioxidant enzymes, the functioning of the photosystem II and quality of C. xanthocarpa seedlings cultivated under intermittent water deficit and shading levels and the influence of shading on recovery potential after suspension of the stress conditions. The seedlings were subjected to three levels of shading (0, 30, and 70%), six periods of evaluation (start: 0 days; 1st and 2nd photosynthesis zero: 1st and 2nd P0; 1st and 2nd recovery: 1stand 2nd REC; and END), and two forms of irrigation (control: periodically irrigated to maintain 70% substrate water retention capacity, and intermittent irrigation: suspension of irrigation). The plants subjected to intermittent irrigation conditions at 0% shading showed a reduction in water potential (w) and potential quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and maximum efficiency of the photochemical process (Fv/F0) and an increase in basal quantum production of the non-photochemical processes (F0/Fm). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was higher in the leaves than in the roots. The C. xanthocarpa is a species sensitive to water deficit but presents strategies to adapt to an environment under temporary water restriction, which are more temporary are most efficient under shading. The seedlings with water deficit at all levels of shading exhibited higher protective antioxidant activity and lower quality at 0% shading. The shading minimizes prevents permanent damage to the photosystem II and after the re-irrigation, the evaluated characteristics showed recovery with respect to the control group, except POD and SOD activities in the leaves.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade de enzimas antioxidantes, o funcionamento do fotossistema II e a qualidade de mudas de C. xanthocarpa cultivadas sob déficit hídrico intermitente e níveis de sombreamento e a influência do sombreamento sobre o potencial de recuperação após suspensão das condições de estresse. As mudas foram submetidas a três níveis de sombreamento (0, 30 e 70%), seis períodos de avaliação (início: 0 dias; 1ª e 2ª fotossíntese zero: 1ª e 2ª P0; 1ª e 2ª recuperação: 1ª e 2ª REC; e final), e duas formas de irrigação (controle: periodicamente irrigado para manter 70% da capacidade de retenção de água do substrato, e irrigação intermitente: suspensão da irrigação). As plantas submetidas às condições de irrigação intermitente a 0% de sombreamento apresentaram redução do potencial hídrico (w) e eficiência quântica potencial do fotossistema II (Fv/Fm) e máxima eficiência do processo fotoquímico (Fv/F0) e aumento da produção quantica basal dos processos não fotoquímicos (F0/Fm). A atividade da superóxido dismutase (SOD) foi maior nas folhas do que nas raízes. C. xanthocarpa é uma espécie sensível ao déficit hídrico, mas apresenta estratégias para se adaptar a um ambiente com restrição hídrica temporária, sendo mais eficientes sob sombreamento. As mudas com déficit hídrico em todos os níveis de sombreamento exibiram maior atividade antioxidante protetora e menor qualidade no sombreamento 0%. O sombreamento minimiza danos permanentes ao fotossistema II e após a re-irrigação, as características avaliadas apresentaram recuperação em relação ao grupo controle, exceto atividades de POD e SOD nas folhas.

The regulation of ischemic postconditioning on metabolic disorders of type 2 diabetes mellitus combined with cerebral ischemia in tree shrews / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Objective To establish tree shrew model of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) combined with cerebral ischemia (IS),and to explore the regulatory mechanism of ischemic postconditioning (PC) on gene differential expression in cerebral cortex under metabolic abnormalities and cerebral ischemia condition.Methods Seventy tree shrews were divided into control,T2DM,IS,T2DM+IS and T2DM +IS +PC groups (n =14 each group).The experimental diabetes model was established by the combined use of high fat diet breeding with streptozocin injection in tree shrew.The local cerebral thrombosis was induced by photochemical reaction in tree shrews,and ischemic PC was established at 4h after cerebral ischemia followed by clipped ipsilateral common carotid artery three times (5 min/time).The metabolic status of tree shrews was measured by serum biochemical markers.TTC staining,HE staining,and electron microscopy were used to observe the changes of the body's metabolic status at 24h after IS.RNA-seq was used to analyze differentially expressed genes.Results The ultrastructure of brain cells was abnormal and the cerebral infarction area was the largest in T2DM+IS tree shrews (P＜0.01).Compared with control group,body weight of tree shrews in T2DM + IS group was significantly reduced (P＜ 0.01) while blood glucose,total cholesterol,low density lipoprotein-cholesterol,triglyceride,and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were markedly increased(all P＜0.01).The RNA-seq analysis showed that there were 1 629 differentially expressed genes (1 109 up-regulated genes and 520 down-regulated genes) in T2DM + IS group vs control group.However,ischemic PC deceased the cortical infarction area (P＜0.01)and reduced blood glucose,lipid and CRP levels (P＜0.05),with 520 differential expression genes (203 up-regulated genes and 317 down-regulated genes).Conclusion Ischemic PC improves the metabolic disturbance-aggravated ischemic brain injury in T2DM tree shrews,which may be related to its regulation on gene expression in cerebral cortex.

Mechanism of JAK2-STAT3 signaling pathway in ischemic postconditio-ning neuroprotection after cerebral ischemia in tree shrews / 中国病理生理杂志

AIM:To investigate the regulatory effect of JAK 2-STAT3 signaling pathway on the neuroprotection of ischemic postconditioning (IPoC) in tree shrews, and to explore the mechanisms of cerebral injury deterioration after in-hibiting the JAK2-STAT3 pathway .METHODS:The model of thrombotic cerebral ischemia was induced by photochemical reaction in tree shrews and the IPoC was established at 4 h after ischemia followed by clipping ipsilateral common carotid ar-tery on the ischemia side for 5 min ( 3 times ) .After IPoC and intracerebroventricular injection of AG 490 ( JAK2 inhibi-tor), the changes of cerebral infarction area were detected by TTC staining , and the histological and ultrastructural changes of cortical neurons were observed under light and electron microscopes , respectively .The protein levels of t-STAT3 and p-STAT3 in the cortical tissue were determined by Western blot .RESULTS:The neuronal pycnosis , mitochondrial swelling and vanish of the mitochondrial cristae were found in cortical cortex , and the infarction area was (24.78 ±3.30)%at 24 h after cerebral ischemia .Meanwhile, the phosphorylation level of STAT 3 protein in the cortical tissue was significantly in-creased (P<0.01).The cortical neuronal damage and mitochondrial swelling were decreased after IPoC , the area of cere-bral infarction was significantly reduced to (17.67 ±1.83)%(P<0.01), and the phosphorylation level of STAT3 protein was further increased ( P<0.01 ) .However , the neuronal damage was aggravated , the infarction area was expanded to (23.85 ±2.77)%(P<0.05) after treatment with AG490, and the phosphorylation level of STAT3 protein was also signif-icantly reduced ( P <0.05 ) .CONCLUSION: IPoC may reduce cerebral injury by regulating the phosphorylation of STAT3 protein, and inhibition of JAK2-STAT3 signaling pathway may counteract the cerebral protective effect of IPoC and aggravate brain injury .

Mechanism of ischemic postconditioning relieved brain edema and cerebral infarction after cerebral ischemia in tree shrews / 解剖学报

Objective: To observe the effects of ischemic postconditioning (PC) on changes of cerebral water content, cerebral blood flow, infarct area and hippocampal ultrastructural, and to explore the neuroprotective mechanisms of ischemic PC on undergoing thrombotic cerebral ischemic injury. Methods: Tree shrews were randomly grouped into control, ischemia 4 hours, ischemia 24 hours, ischemic postconditioning 4 hours and ischemic postconditioning 24 hours (n = 8) Eight animals were used for HE staining(n = 3) and electron microscopy(n = 5). The model of thrombotic cerebral ischemia was induced by photochemistry in tree shrews. Four hours after the model establishment, the common carotid artery on the ischemia side was clamped for 5 minutes, then perfused by removing the clamp for 5 minutes, and repeated the same management 3 times, so that the model of PC was established. The changes of the brain water content of local cortex were measured by Elliott dry-wet weight and the brain infarct area was determind by 2,3,5-triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride staining. In addition, the regional cerebral blood flow of local cortex was measured by laser doppler, and the ultrastructural changes in the CA1 area of hippocampus in different groups were observed under an electron microscope. Results: More neuron pycnosis was observed in hippocampal CA1 area. Obvious swelling of mitochondria, partial disrupt and vanish of the mitochondria cristae and more endoplasmic reticulum cisterna appeared in the neuron of hippocampus at the 24th hour after cerebral ischemia. With the time prolonging of ischemic, the brain water content was significantly increased (86. 81% ± 1. 08%) in the ischemia group at the 24th hour compared with sham group. Cerebral infarction area was maximum (33.00% ±3.03%) and regional cerebral blood flow decreased obviously [(134. 27 ±28.75) ml/min]. The brain water content was significantly decreased (81. 04% ± 1. 04%, P <0. 01) and the infarct area was significantly shrink in ischemic postconditioning group (16. 79% ± 1. 29%, P < 0. 01) than that in ischemia group. The regional cerebral'blood flow in ischemic postconditioning group was in contrast to ischemia group significantly at the 24th hour [(195. 25 ±21. 18) ml/min, P<0.01]. Conclusion: Ischemic postconditioning attenuates the edema in ischemic brain and narrow the cerebral infarction area in tree shrews. The mechanism may be related to the improvement of local cerebral blood flow.

Ischemia postconditioning induces tight junction protein expression and inhibits brain edema after thrombotic cerebral ischemia in tree shrews / 中国病理生理杂志

AIM:To assess whether the expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins, occludin/zonula occludins (ZO)-1, and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) link to brain edema in tree shrews during thrombotic cerebral ischemia and ischemic postconditioning (PC), and to explore how TJ affects brain edema and cerebral infarction .METHODS:Tree shrews were randomly grouped into control , ischemia and cerebral ischemia +PC (n=23), and the remaining 3 ani-mals were used for magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI) .The local cerebral thrombosis were induced by photochemical reac-tion in the tree shrews , and ischemic PC was established at 4 h after induction of cerebral ischemia followed by clipped ipsi-lateral common carotid artery (5 min ×3).The changes of the neural ultrastructure were observed under electron micro-scope.The neuronal apoptosis was analyzed by the method of TUNEL .Laser Doppler brain flowmetry was used to monitor the rCBF.The protein levels of occludin/ZO-1 were determined by immunochemistry and Western blot .The cerebral in-farction volume was detected by MRI .The brain water content was measured by dry-wet weight method .RESULTS: In-duction of cerebral ischemia led to a significant reduction of the normal neuron numbers in the hippocampal CA 1 area, and conversely, the number of neurons with abnormal ultrastructure was increased .The TUNEL positive cells were increased significantly (P<0.01) in ischemia group.Moreover, the rCBF decreased significantly (P<0.01), and occludin/ZO-1 protein expression decreased ( P<0.01 ) .The brain water content and cerebral infarction volume were significantly in-creased (P<0.01).Ischemic PC increased the rCBF and the occludin/ZO-1 expression, but reduced the brain water con-tent, the TUNEL positive cells, and the infarction volume (P<0.01).CONCLUSION:Ischemic PC increases the rCBF but not the local water content , suggesting that reduced cerebral infarction volume after ischemia PC is associated with the attenuation of cerebral edema by the enhancement of occludin /ZO-1 protein expression .

Phytochemistry and Hepatoprotective Effect of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Corchorus olitorius on Carbon Tetrachloride Induced Toxicity.

The liver serves as a processing factory, redistribution center and a receiving depot of the body. In the light of these roles, the effect of ethanol leaf extract of Corchorus olitorius on CCl4 induced liver damage in wistar rats was assessed. CCl4 (0.5ml/kg) was used to induced hepatotoxicity. 25-albino rats of wistar strain (120-150g) were used for the study and were divided into five groups of five rats per group. Group A serves as normal control and was given distilled water of treatment equivalence, group B serves as a negative control and was treated with CCl4 and olive oil as a vehicle at the ratio of 1:1. Group C, D, and E were induced with CCl4 and the extract administered through oral gavages at scalar doses of 500mg/kg, 750mg/kg and 1g/kg daily. The administration lasted for 15 days period after which the animals were sacrificed. Serum enzyme assay revealed that there was a marked reduction in the elevated activity of the hepatic enzymes viz alanine aminotransferase (ALT) A (71.2±3.27), B (98.8±2.61), C (78.0±3.74), D (74.8±2.77), and 74.6±1.95) respectively. Similar trend was observed for aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels when compared with the controls (P=.05). More so, the result revealed that the extract lowers serum albumin, no significant change in billirubin but increased total protein levels in all treated groups when compared with the controls (P=.05). Furthermore, it showed a significant decrease (P=.05) in White blood cell count (WBC), and platelet but no significant decrease (P=.05) in packed cell volume (PCV) and Hb. From the above findings, it is obvious that the ethanolic leaf extract of Corchorus olitorius could have hepatoprotective property.

Photochemical and electrochemical studies on lanthanide complexes of 6-(hydroxymethyl) pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde[2-methyl-pyrimidine-4,6-diyl]bis-hydrazone / Estudios fotoquímicos y electroquímicos de complejos lantánidos de 6-(hidroximetil)piridin-2-carboxaldehído[2-metilpirimidina-4,6-diil]bishidrazona / Estuduios fotoquímicos e eletroquímicos do complexos lantanídeos do 6-(hidroximetil)piridin-2-carboxaldeído[2-metilpirimidina-4,6-diil]bis-hidrazona

Herein we report the synthesis of the 6-(hydroxymethyl)pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde[2-methyl-pyrimidine-4,6-diyl]bis-hydrazone by a condensation reaction between 6-(hydroxymethyl)picolinaldehyde with 4,6-(bis-hydrazino)-2-methylpyrimidine. This bis-hydrazone can be visualized as a two-arm system which exhibits photochemical induced [E,E]/[E,Z]/[Z,Z’] isomerizations and double coordination to metal centers. Configurational changes, upon UV light irradiation, were followed over time by ¹H NMR, establishing that isomerization, in both arms, is a consecutive reaction that follows first-order kinetics (k1= 4.06 x 10-4 s-1 and k2= 2.80 x 10-4 s-1). Furthermore, the synthesis of bis-hydrazone metal complexes with La and Sm (III) ions was achieved; subsequently, the absorption and emission properties of these complexes were studied, determining the fluorescence quantum yields, ΦLa= 0.2024 and ΦSm= 0.1413. Electrochemical studies of the complexes were conducted by square wave voltammetry, demonstrating that the bis-hydrazone and its complexes are electroactive species between +1.5 and -2.5 V.

Se reporta la síntesis de la 6-(hidroximetil)piridin-2-carboxaldehído[2-metilpirimidina-4,6-diil]bishidrazona mediante la reacción de condensación entre el 6-(hidroximetil)piconaldehído con la 4,6-(bishidracino)-2-metilpirimidina. Esta bishidrazona puede ser visualizada como un sistema de dos brazos los cuales exhiben isomerizaciones [E,E]/[E,Z]/[Z,Z’] fotoquímicamente inducidas y coordinación a centros metálicos. Los cambios configuracionales, después de irradiación UV, fueron seguidos en el tiempo mediante RMN ¹H estableciendo que la isomerización, en ambos brazos del sistema, corresponde a una reacción consecutiva que sigue una cinética de primer orden (k1= 4,06 x 10-4 s-1 and k2= 2,80 x 10-4 s-1). Además se prepararon complejos metálicos de La y Sm(III), seguidamente, las propiedades de absorción y emisión de dichos complejos fueron estudiadas calculando rendimientos cuánticos de fluorescencia de ΦLa= 0,2024 y ΦSm= 0,1413. Estudios electroquímicos de los complejos se llevaron a cabo a través de voltametría de onda cuadrada indicando que los compuestos preparados poseen potenciales redox dentro del rango de trabajo del solvente.

Reporta-se a síntese da 6-(hidroximetil)piridin-2-carboxaldeído[2-metilpirimidina-4,6-diil]bis-hidrazona mediante a reação de condensação entre o 6-(hidroximetil)piconaldeído e a 4,6-(bis-hidrazino)-2-metilpirimidina. Esta bis-hidrazona pode ser visualizada como um sistema de dois braços os quais exibem isomerizações [E,E]/[E,Z]/[Z,Z’] fotoquimicamente induzidas e coordenação com íons metálicos (dupla coordenação a íons metálicos). Após a irradiação UV, as mudanças configuracionais foram monitoradas com o tempo por RMN 1H. Essas medidas estabeleceram que a isomerização em ambos braços do sistema corresponde a uma reação consecutiva apresentando uma cinética de primeira ordem (k1= 4.06 x 10-4 s-1 e k2= 2.80 x 10-4 s-1). Além disso, os complexos metálicos de La e Sm(III) foram preparados e suas propriedades de absorção e de emissão foram estudadas, calculando os rendimentos quânticos de fluorescência de ΦLa= 0.2024 e de ΦSm= 0.1413. Estudos eletroquímicos dos complexos foram feitos através de voltametria de onda quadrada indicando que os compostos preparados possuem potenciais redox dentro da faixa de trabalho do solvente.

Pharmacological Activities of Eclipta Alba(L.).

Eclipta Alba (L.) is small branched annual herbaceous plant with a long history of traditional medicines uses in many countries especially in tropical and subtropical regions. The herb has been known for its curative properties and has been utilized as antimytotoxic, analgesic, antibacterial, antihepatotoxic, antihaemorrhagic, antihyperglycemic, antioxidant, immunomodulatory properties and it is considered as a good rejuvenator too. Recent studies showed an antivenom property & corrosion pickling inhibitor action on mild steelin hydrochloric acid. A wide range of chemical compounds including coumestans, alkaloids, thiopenes,flavonoids, polyacetylenes, triterpenes and their glycosides have been isolated from this species. Extracts and metabolites from this plant have been known to possess pharmacological properties. This contribution provides an comprehensive review on ethnomedicinal uses, chemical composition, and the pharmacological profile as medicinal plant. Particular attention is given to antihepatotoxic, analgesic, antioxidant , antihyperglycemic, antiaggresive, wound healing properties and insecticidal effects presented in this review such that the potential use of this plant either in pharmaceutics or as an agricultural resource can be evaluated.

Photochemically induced incomplete spinal cord injury in cat / 中华物理医学与康复杂志

Objective To explore the potential of creating a cat model of spinal cord infarction initiated by a photochemical reaction in terms of the neuroethology, motor evoked potential, and morphological outcomes. Meth-ods Fifteen cats were divided into three groups at random. T_13 in the spinal cord was photochemically irradiated for 40 min, 60 min or 80 min in different groups. A photochemically-induced infarction was produced by intravenous in-jection of rose Bengal (35 mg/kg) combined with immediate cold light irradiation (3000 klx) of the spinal cord.Neuroethology changes were observed every day after the surgery far 21 days, and morphological changes were exam-ined at day 21, before which the motor evoked potential was examined and compared with measurements taken before injury. Results The spinal cord infarctions induced by intravenous injection of rose Bengal plus cold light irradia-tion for 40 min were stable by day 8, while the other two groups were stable by day 12. The size of the infarction area in the spinal cord was stable, while the neuroethology, electrophysiological and histopathological changes in the cats were significant. Conclusions All of the cats demonstrated decreased functional mobility after photochemically in-duced thrombosis of the spinal cord, with corresponding pathomorphological and electrophysiologic changes. The model of infarction was stable and reliable.

Rabbit model of retinal artery occlusion established by photochemistry therapy / 复旦学报（医学版）

Objective To establish an experimental retinal artery occlusion (RAO) model by means of photochemistry therapy with 532 nm frequency-doubled laser, and to evaluate the feasibility of this method. Methods Ten eyes from ten healthy adult New Zealand rabbits were intravenously injected 5% rose bengal solution, then their monocular retinal artery was irradiated by 532 nm frequency-doubled laser. Both eyes of these rabbits were examined by direct ophthalmoscope and fundus photographic camera on the 1st hour, 24th hour and 3rd day. Meanwhile, the experimental eyes were examined by fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA). These rabbits were killed on the 3rd day, experimental eyes were enucleated, the retina was observed under light microscope. Results There were 9 eyes approved having RAO by direct ophthalmoscope and FFA. Thrombi in retinal arterials could be found by light microscope in all these 9 experimental eyes, and the walls of blood vessel were intact without any obvious necrosis or attenuation. Conclusions RAO animal model can be induced by photochemistry therapy with 532 nm frequency-doubled laser. There are thrombi in the retinal artery without trauma of the artery wall. Photochemistry therapy is an efficient, secure and reproducible method to induce animal model of RAO.

Effects of hyperglycemia and cerebral ischemia on VEGF expression in different subfield of cerebral cortex in tree shrews / 中国病理生理杂志

AIM: To observe the changes of VEGF expression in different subfield of brain in tree shrews during hyperglycemia and focal cerebral ischemia, in order to explore the relationship between cerebral ischemia, hyperglycemia and VEGF. METHODS: High blood glucose in tree shrews was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotoctin. Focal cortical thrombotic cerebral ischemia was induced by photochemical method in tree shrews. At 4 h, 24 h and 72 h after cerebral ischemia, the histopathological changes and hippocampal neuronal density were examined. VEGF expressions in the ischemic core, penumbra and contralateral cerebral cortex were detected by immunohistochemistry technique at different times after cerebral ischemia. RESULTS: The results of histopathological study showed that there was infarction zone in the exposured cerebral cortex at 4 h after photochemical reaction, and the damage was most severe at 24 h, subsequently accompanied with the glia multiplication and rehab reaction at 72 h. The animals in hyperglycemic ischemic group suffered from greater neurological lesion than the normoglycemic stroke animals, especially at 24 h (P<0.01) and 72 h (P<0.05) after cerebral ischemia. Immunohistochemical analyses of VEGF expression revealed that it started to increase at 4 h after brain ischemia in the penumbra, reached a peak at 24 h, and weakened at 72 h. The stimulated VEGF production was also observed in hyperglycemic only group. When hyperglycemia and brain ischemia were combined, the VEGF expression was higher than that in hyperglycemic only group (P<0.05). Compared to normoglycemic ischemic group, no additivity of the effects of hyperglycemia combined with brain ischemia was observed. CONCLUSION: (1) The model of experimental hyperglycemia and cerebral ischemia is replicated successfully by applying the method combined in vivo injection of streptozotocin in the lower primate tree shrew with thrombotic focal cerebral ischemia. (2) This study shows that hyperglycemia aggravates the focal cerebral ischemia damage. (3) Cerebral ischemia and hyperglycemia both can independently up-regulate VEGF expression, but there is no additional increase in VEGF expression when hyperglycemia combined with brain ischemia is applied.

Investigação da quebra de pigmentos por luz / Investigation of the breakage of pigments by light

O clareamento dental é uma técnica que surgiu no inicio do século XIX. Desde então, e em função dos resultados obtidos ao longo do tempo, esta foi sendo alterada de maneira a reduzir os riscos do procedimento e ao mesmo tempo melhorar o resultado estético obtido. Com o aparecimento das fontes de luz para uso odontológico, novas e interessantes possibilidades surgiram e permitiram a utilização de métodos de aceleração que respeitem a fisiologia pulpar, que diminuam o tempo de exposição do paciente aos agentes peróxidos e promovam ainda a obtenção de bons resultados estéticos. Nos dias de hoje, pode-se observar na literatura importantes questionamentos acerca da contribuição efetiva da luz visível no processo e, os efeitos dos agentes peróxidos nas estruturas cristalinas dos dentes, materiais restauradores em geral e tecidos moles. Estas preocupações foram o cerne da motivação para a realização desta pesquisa, sendo assim, este trabalho vem propor uma série de metodologias inovadoras que avaliem através de tecnologias modernas os mecanismos básicos de interação da luz visível com o peróxido de hidrogênio e com os pigmentos orgânicos. Os experimentos aqui demonstrados abordam os fatores críticos relacionados com a eficiência do processo em diferentes substratos por meio de análise de transmitância, de fluorescência e imagens digitais. Com estes estudos pretendemos responder de maneira objetiva algumas das questões que foram observadas serem de fundamental importância no esclarecimento da real eficiência e eficácia da luz no clareamento dental.

The dental bleaching is a technique that appeared in the beginning of the XIX century. Since then, and in function of the obtained results a long the time, this has been altered in way to reduce the procedure risks and at the same time improve the aesthetic results. With the rise of light sources to be used in dentistry, new and exciting possibilities appeared and allowed the use of catalytic methods that respect the pulpal physiology, which diminishes the exposure time of the patients to the bleaching agents and provides good aesthetic results. In nowadays, it is possible to observe in the literature important questionings over the real contribution of light in the process and, the effects of the peroxide over the crystalline structure of the teeth, restorative materials and soft tissues. These concerning were the major motivation to the realization of this research, in this way, this work proposes a new series of methods that asses by the use of new technologies the basic mechanisms of visible light interaction with the hydrogen peroxide and with the organic pigments. The experiments here demonstrated study the critical factors related with the process efficiency in different substrates by digital images, transmittance and fluorescence. With these studies we pretend to respond in objective way some questions that were observed to be of fundamental importance in the understanding of the light efficiency and efficacy to the dental bleaching.

Alterações biomecânicas da córnea porcina com riboflavina fotossensibilizada por luz não-ultravioleta / Biomechanical changes on porcine corneas after riboflavin induced crosslink technique with non-UV light

OBJETIVO: Demonstrar a possibilidade de alterar a plasticidade do estroma corneano através da utilização do agente fotossensível riboflavina associado ao uso de iluminação não-ultravioleta. MÉTODOS: Experimento prospectivo duplo cego. Vinte e cinco olhos de porcos enucleados até 24 horas antes do experimento, foram divididos nos seguintes grupos: Grupo RB01+L-Riboflavina 0,1 por cento com irradiação de luz azul; Grupo RB01-Riboflavina 0,1 por cento sem irradiação de luz azul; Grupo RB05+L-Riboflavina 0,5 por cento com irradiação de luz azul; Grupo RB05-Riboflavina 0,5 por cento sem irradiação; Grupo L-Solução salina balanceada e irradiação de luz azul. RESULTADOS: Após o tratamento das informações dos grupos estudados, obtivemos diferenças estatisticamente significantes no grupos RB01+L e RB05+L(p<0,05). Os grupos sem irradiação de luz azul e o grupo somente com irradiação da luz azul sem riboflavina, não apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significantes. CONCLUSÃO: A utilização de riboflavina para efetuar o processo de aumento de ligações covalentes entre as fibrilas colágenas pode ser uma das chaves para o controle de doenças da córnea como o ceratocone. Nas concentrações estudadas e doses de irradiância concebidas, o processo de aumento das características biomecânicas da córnea foram obtidas com sucesso.

PURPOSE: Demonstrate the possibility of changing the biomechanical behaviour of cornea stroma by usage of riboflavin associated with non-ultraviolet light. METHODS: Double blind prospective study. Twenty five porcine eyes enucleated 24 hours before the experiment, have been divided on the following groups : Riboflavin 0,1 percent with irradiation of blue light, Riboflavin 0,1 percent without irradiation of light , Riboflavin 0,5 percent with irradiation of blue light, Riboflavin 0,5 percent without irradiation of light and BSS with irradiation of light. RESULTS: Differences where noticed in groups 1 and 3 (p<0,05). The groups without irradiation and the group with only irradiation, had no significant difference on their results. CONCLUSION: The usage of riboflavin appears to increase the crosslink connections among collagen fibrills. On the studied concentrations studied and radiant parameters the increase of biomechanical characteristics of cornea have been obtained successfully.

Ischemic postconditioning increases the change of hippocampus rCBF and VEGF following cerebral Ischemic in tree shrews / 基础医学与临床

Objective To find the effect and potential mechanism of ischemic postconditioning relief rCBF and VEGF expression during focal cerebral thrombosis.Methods The thrombotic focal cerebral ischemia was induced by photochemical reaction in tree shrews.The rCBF and VEGF expression in hippocampus CA1 area were detected,by laser-Doppler(LD) fowmeter and immunohistochemistry.Results rCBF reduces along with temporal lasting in cerebral thrombus,especially in 24 h;VEGF expression enhanced after cerebral ischemic,express of VEGF in 12 h is the most intensification(P0.05),mostly in 12 h(P

Estudo fotoquímico da dipirona na presença de ß e γ ciclodextrina / Photochemistry study of the dipyrone in the presence of ß and γ cyclodextrin

Neste trabalho foi estudado o efeito da irradiação por luz UV na substância ácido 1-fenil-2,3-dimetil-5-pirazolona-4-metilaminometanossulfônico (dipirona) em solução aquosa e complexada em ß e γ ciclodextrinas. Inicialmente, estudaram-se as características fotofísicas do ácido em meio aquoso, em seguida verificou-se a fotoestabilidade da substância comparando com as mesmas em cavidades de ciclodextrinas. Foi utilizado um modelo cinético de decomposição de primeira ordem para obter as constantes de decomposição aparente da dipirona em meio aquoso e em cavidades de ciclo dextrina. O encapsulamento da dipirona em ciclodextrina de uma forma geral causa uma estabilização frente a fotólise por luz UV.

In this work it was studied the effect of the irradiation UV in the substance 1-phenyl-2,3-dimethyl-5-pyrazolone-3-4-methylaminomethanosulphonic acid in aqueous solution and complexed in ß and γ cyclodextrin. Initially, it was studied the photophysics caracteristics of the acid in aqueous solution, soon afterwards verified the photostability of the substance in cyclodextrin cavities using a first order kinetic model. The encapsulament in cyclodextrin of the dipyrone in a way general cause a stabilization front the photolysis for UV light.

Research on the anti-calcification function property of bovine jugular vein conduit cross-linked by dye-mediated photooxidation / 中国医师杂志

Objective To study the anti-calcification function properties of bovine jugular conduit with valves stabilized by dye-mediated photooxidation.Methods Sixteen bovine jugular conduit with valves were divided into two groups and treated with dye-mediated photooxidation(groupⅠ) and glutaraldehyde(group Ⅱ).The bovine jugular vein was cut into pieces and implanted subcutaneously in the 16 weanling SD rats.After 90 days,all the rats were sacrificed and the retrieved specimens were undergone histological examination by electron microscope and microscope.The calcium content was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer.Results The walls and valves of bovine jugular vein treated by dye-mediated photooxidation had less calcification than those of the group Ⅱ.Conclusion The dye-mediated photooxidation can effectively preserve the calcification of bovine jugular conduit with valves compared with the way treated by glutaraldehyde.

Expression of tissue factor in cerebral microvascular thrombosis in rats / 中国病理生理杂志

AIM: To study the expression of tissue factor (TF) in cerebral microvascular thrombosis and its dynamic changes in rats. METHODS: 50 female SD rats were randomized to control group, 2, 4, 6, and 24 hours after thrombosis groups, 10 rats in each group. The model of cerebral microvascular thrombosis was induced by photo-chemical method. ELISA and immunohistochemistry methods were used to observe the changes of TF contents in blood plasma and the expression of TF in cerebral microvascular in each group. RESULTS: Cerebral thrombosis was induced by photo-chemical method successfully. The TF content in plasma was obviously higher in 4 h and 6 h groups than that in control group (P

Changes in platelet-activating factor receptor binding characteristics in cerebral thrombotic core and penumbra of tree shrews / 中国病理生理杂志

AIM: To observe the changes in platelet-activating factor(PAF) receptor binding characteristics and explore the action of PAF on formation of thrombotic core and penumbra following local cerebral ischemia.METHODS: Neuron's membrane protein was abstracted, and the local cerebral ischemia model were induced by photochemistry in tree shrews. The PAF binding sites on central neuron membrane were studied by -PAF binding assay.RESULTS: There were two different affinities of PAF receptors on tree shrew's brain cell membrane, with kD 1=( 3.61 ? 0.72 ) nmol/L and kD 2=(17 04?2 41) nmol/L, corresponding respectively to maximum number of binding sites: Bmax1=(1 457 94?168 01) pmol/g protein and Bmax2=(5 017 40?742 16) pmol/g protein. The binding sites decreased in ischemic core, penumbra and contralateral regions at 4,24 and 72 h after ischemia ( P